Honey is one of the most important agricultural products, and honey bees have borne many diseases from many long years. This study was done for identifying the honey bee mortality agents in lahijan province. The samples were collected from bee hives. Honey bees were divided by morphological properties in two groups; healthy and ill bees. They were inoculated into Sf9 cell lines for existing of Acute Paralysis Virus (APV). Results showed that, healthy bees (morphologically) did not show any CPE in cell lines, while, the ill ones produced CPE in these cell lines. Then, ill honey bees were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to this study, all ill honey bees have been infected by APV. But, we could not confirm our results by neutralization test with specific antisera, because they were not purchased. We sprayed the extract of ill honey bees on healthy bees, and it was seen the disease symptoms that it is due to contagious disease and there are external factors to induce the disease. Incidence of APV was evaluated seasonally. Incidence of disease in spring and summer (6 & 10 percent) were higher than autumn and winter (2 & 0 percent). It is showed that, the disease has higher incidence in warm seasons. In the base of virus family (Picornaviridae), it was predictable.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Background: Myocardial infarction is the most important cause of mortality all over the world.Complications may increase with some risk factors including stress hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation and importance of hyperglycemia in acute intrahospital complications after AMI.Methods: Prevalence of stress hyperglycemia among 160 patients with acute myocardial infarction (Q wave MI) was determined. These patients were divided into normoglycemic and stress hyperglycemic groups. These were compared according to complications such as heart failure, cardiogenic shock and mortality.Results: 61% were normoglycemic and 7.5% had stress hyperglycemia. 25% had history of diabetes and 4.4% were not aware of diabetes. Among 18 patients with stress hyperglycemia, 6 patient (50%) and among 101 normoglycemic patients 18 (17.8%) were affiliated with cardiac failure that the difference were significant (P=0.02 and X2= 6.25). There were no cases of cardiogenic shock in both groups. Three patients died during first hours of admission (2.97%). They hadn't have history of diabetes. We could not assign them to normoglycemic or stress hyperglycemic groups since blood sampling had not been done yet.Conclusion: Stress hyperglycemia can increase complications of AMI, significantly stress hyperglycemia caused increased incidence of heart failure in this study.

Background: Overwhelming life experiences can trigger stress disorders including acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of and predictive factors for ASD and PTSD in snakebite victims.Methods: In this study, snakebite victims who were admitted to Mashhad Medical Toxicology Centre, Imam Reza Hospital, Iran, from 1st November 2010 to 30th April 2012 were enrolled. Psychiatric symptoms of patients were evaluated after stabilization of patients’ clinical condition. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder questionnaire was used for interviewing the patients. Patients underwent 4 scheduled psychiatric interviews on admission, 3 weeks post-bite, 6 weeks post-bite and 6 months post-bite.Results: Fifty-three patients (74% men) were included in the study with mean (SD) age of 33.6 (15.0) years. Patients were given psychological consultations during the study while they received no psychiatric medication. The set of efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma was the most common symptom found in all visits. Re-experience was the most common class of symptoms in all visits. On admission and the 3rd week post-bite, 36% and 15% of patients had ASD. Moreover, 8% of patients developed PTSD and only 4% of patients developed chronic PTSD. ASD on admission (P<0.001), ASD in 3rd week (P=0.02) and PTSD (P=0.01) were developed in patients with significantly younger ages. In addition, the presence of ASD on admission (P<0.001), ASD in 3rd week (P=0.003) and PTSD (P=0.003) was significantly higher in female gender.Conclusion: Snakebite is not only an emergency medical problem, but also is a traumatic event that can cause stress disorders. It is prudent to refer all snakebite victims, especially women in younger ages, to psychiatric specialist for better evaluation and psychological treatments.

Background: The most frequently used test for evaluation of fetal health is the Non Stress Test (NST). Unfortunately it has a high incidence of false positive results. The combination of vibroacoustic stimulation with the NTS has been shown to reduce non reactive results.Methods: A tests assessment method was chosen with a simple randomized sampling. 40 pregnant women with non reactive NST in the first 20 minutes who received VAS in one of Tehran University's Hospitals were compared with BPP scores. A vibroacoustic stimulation was applied for a 3 seconds on the maternal abdomen and fallowed within 10 minutes. Data collection tools were NST, sonography instruments, NST result paper, tooth brusher, watch, demographic questioner and check list. Data analysis was made by descriptive static and by using the Fisher's Exact Test (with level of significant at p<0/05). All statistical analysis were performed using an spss/win.Results: After VAS, 70% of non reactive tracing became reactive. All cases with fetal reactivity response after a VAS had a subsequent BPP score of 8 (negative predictive value of 100%). False positivity of VAS was lower than NST.Conclusion: VAS offers benefits, by decreasing the incidence of non reactive test and reducing test time. VAS lowers the rate of false positive NST. VAS is safe and allows more efficient of prenatal services. This test could be used as a rapid antepartum test to predict fetal well-being.

Background: It has long been suspected that exposure to stress is a major factor that can increase the risk of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and exacerbate it, as a stress-related disorder. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the response of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic-adrenal-medullar (SAM) system to acute social stress. Methods: A total of 46 MS patients and 23 age-sex-matched healthy controls were recruited in the study. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used to induce acute psychosocial stress. We measured salivary cortisol (SC) to evaluate the HPA axis. In addition, electrocardiography (ECG) was recorded to evaluate the SAM system based on the linear and non-linear features of Heart Rate Variation (HRV). Then, SC and HRV were measured before and after the stress exposure. We also used the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and Emotional Visual Analog Scale (EVAS) to conduct the psychometric assessment and evaluate the perceived stress level, respectively. Results: The mean age of the MS group was 35. 38 ,15 years, with a mean disease duration of 7. 4 ,60. Besides, the HC group’, s mean age was 35. 8 ,9 years. There were no signifi, cant diff, erences in demographic features and DASS scores between the two groups. In response to TSST, both MS and healthy individuals showed a signifi, cant increase in the SC levels and EVAS scores, as well as changes in the HRV indices. Notably, signifi, cant diff, erences were also found between the two groups regarding the basic and post-stress SC levels, EVAS score, and HRV indices. Unlike the HC group, the SC level returned to its baseline after recovery in the MS group, and the sympathetic tone was more sensitive. Conclusions: Our results indicated that both MS and healthy individuals respond to acute stress regarding neuroendocrine assessment,however, patients with multiple sclerosis show some impairments in this response.